Monday, October 27, 2014

Interstellar's Surprisingly Good Tie-In App



So Christopher Nolan's Interstellar is coming out in less than two weeks and I'm super-excited. Makes it easier to deal with the fact that No Man's Sky hasn't been released yet. For a little while.

In the meantime, Paramount has released the contractual tie-in game on the Google Play Store and the iTunes store. So what kind of free-to-play iOS/Android schlock game did they release solely to promote a movie?
Surprisingly enjoyable free-to-play iOS/Android schlock, that's what.
Interstellar - screenshot
More planets than an entire season of Star Trek. Right here. (Image source: Google Play)
It's a tie-in game, but a good tie-in game. Build your own solar system, then explore other people's. Manage fuel levels and plot out a course, making and breaking orbit as you explore the universe for the good of mankind. Not too hard to learn, and the touch controls work pretty well. There aren't enough games out there that try to capture that "astronaut" feel.

Go try it out. Hey, it's free.

Saturday, October 25, 2014

Classifying Planets





When I was a kid, I learned that there were two kinds of planets: rocky planets and gas giants. Rocky planets were small, and had solid surfaces and molten cores. Gas giants were big, had no solid surface, but a solid core. I learned that there were nine planets, that Earth had a moon, and that some of the other planets had moons and oh look it's time for math.

I never had much confidence in the school system's ability to get students excited about space travel. By the time I was twelve, I felt I knew more about space than any class would teach me. (In middle school, you just start to get a taste of the enlightenment every high schooler is convinced they possess. None of them actually have it.)

I think the moons of Jupiter and Saturn deserved at least a day of attention sometime in those twelve years. A volcano moon, an ice moon that may have an ocean underneath, a moon covered in yellow fog with oceans of methane! It would blow a kid's mind.

We're discovering a lot of new things, and discoveries tend to force revisions of existing classification schemes. This happened to Pluto, but that's not what I'm talking about.

Planets like Kepler-22b break the old idea of terrestrial and gas planets. Here's a planet that may have an ocean hundreds of miles deep. Do we still call it a terrestrial planet?

Closer to Finding an Earth
"Great, now we have to revise all the textbooks, and all the students will just assume we're trying to milk them for more money. Again." (Image source: NASA)
When I was in high school, I played a demo for one of those ridiculously complex "4X" space strategy games. I remember the game had not two but three categories of planet: rock, gas, and ice. With that, and water planets like Kepler-22b, and some time wasted browsing Wikipedia again, I got an idea for a new scheme:

Type I: Gas

The large planets with which most are already familiar. I'd like to see more creativity with gas planets in sci-fi, as the idea of airborne life forms in a gas planet isn't completely impossible...

Type II: Ice

Different from rocky planets, in that they are solid, but composed primarily of volatiles, like water ice, or solid methane or ammonia. They might have thin atmospheres, allowing seas of liquid nitrogen or something.
Since Pluto's not a planet, there aren't any "ice planets" in our solar system, though there are lots of minor planets that fit that description. Notably the Centaurs, which come in a surprisingly wide color palette.
File:TheKuiperBelt Albedo and Color.svg
"TheKuiperBelt Albedo and Color.svg" by Chesnok. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TheKuiperBelt_Albedo_and_Color.svg

Type III: Pelagic

Planets like Kepler-22b, covered entirely, completely, in oceans many miles deep (I won't attempt to set a specific threshold). These planets could look very much like Earth's oceans, or they could be supercritical, lacking a defined surface between sea and sky. The high pressures on the ocean floor could also result in exotic forms of "hot ice".
These oceans don't have to be water. They could be another volatile substance, like ammonia, for example.

Type IV: Terrestrial

The vast majority of fictional planets would be this type, as would any real planets capable of supporting life as we know it, Jim. If an ocean planet has any landmass above the surface, any at all, it is probably terrestrial rather than pelagic.

Type V: Vulcanian

This is a planet where the surface is entirely lava, not just a planet with volcanic activity. Mustafar in Star Wars would not fall under this classification, due to having a lot of solid ground. In fact, I can't think of any planets in sci-fi that fall under this classification. We don't yet know for sure if there are any real planets of this type exist, although candidates exist, such as Kepler-10b.

Artist Concept of Kepler 10b
Good luck having a climactic lightsaber duel here. (Source: NASA)
Of course this classification scheme already breaks down with the idea of ice giants, which are considered by some to be distinct from gas giants. Maybe we can call these Type Ib.

And a final word on the concept of a "planet". The word is derived from the Ancient Greek word for "wanderer", so in a sense you could apply the word to any object orbiting a star, be it an asteroid, Earthlike planet, gas planet, or protostar. When Pluto was demoted to "dwarf planet", I was told it was not a "planet". How is a "dwarf planet" not a planet?
We've long had the term "minor planet" to denote asteroids. I suggest we refer to the major 8 planets of our solar system as "major planets", and put major, dwarf, and minor planets all under the super-category of "planet".

Of course, the more we discover, the more we'll have to revise our scientific categories. So if my systems described here turn out to be completely wrong, I'm ok with that.

Sunday, October 19, 2014

Scenario: Coldstone

It's about time I put my money where my mouth is and did some worldbuilding of my own.

Despite being one of the few single-biome planet types that actually seems plausible, the desert planet concept is a bit overused. (And...a...bit...dry. ThereIsaidit.) So no desert planets right now. We'll go with the polar opposite: ice planet (I did it again.)

I tend to think that outer space, as a general rule, is cold. Punctuated by the points of light we call stars, the lone campfires in the interstellar wasteland. So a cold planet is more indicative of space than a hot one.

Probably the most prominent ice world in sci-fi is Hoth from The Empire Strikes Back. Of all the planets in the original Star Wars trilogy, it's my favorite; it's really the only one that gives the feel of a hostile environment: Luke nearly died of exposure, and the Rebels had to work to adapt their snowspeeders to function in the cold, necessitating beasts of burden (which still froze to death at night). It's clear that Hoth is someplace you don't try to live on unless you're an enemy of the state. We'd only colonize such a world in real life if we didn't have anywhere better to go (which isn't impossible, or even improbable; we'd be ecstatic to find a planet like Hoth in this day and age).
Source: "Hothplanetsurface" by Screenshot from movie The Empire Strikes Back. Licensed under Fair use of copyrighted material in the context of Hoth via Wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hothplanetsurface.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Hothplanetsurface.jpg

But I think we can do better. Let's try to do better.

In eighth grade I read Ender's Game, then I picked up its sequel, Speaker for the Dead, which is not a horror novel, title notwithstanding. (Protip: I definitely do not recommend Speaker for eighth graders; it's too heavy.) Early in the story, the protagonist is on a planet called Trondheim, which is mostly frozen except at the equator. The fleeting description of this planet intrigued me at age 13, as it was the first planet I had seen in fiction that couldn't be summed up in one word. It's mostly icy, but the equator is temperate. From what I hear, Star Trek's Andorian homeworld is similar.

So a planet like that, even with more extensive icecaps than Andoria,, would be appealing for colonization. But need habitation be restricted to the tropics, with endless frozen wastes covering 90% of the planet's surface?

Let's try to do even better.

The now-invalidated Star Wars Expanded Universe has a world called Belsavis. It's like Hoth, but with warts.
Contagious? We'll see. (Image source: http://www.swtor.com/holonet/planets/belsavis)

I haven't played The Old Republic so I don't know how much explanation is given for these temperate rifts. It's just as well. More fun that way. I think they're analogous to "hotspots", localized areas of activity over which the Earth's tectonic plates drift, resulting in the formation of island chains like Hawaii (at least I think that 's how they work). These rifts in the global glaciers could be the result of geothermal heating, though not so intense that these rifts are dangerously volcanic. If the plates drift on this planet, maybe the rifts are transient, moving over time as land is ceded and reclaimed by the glaciers.

I think we now have enough ideas to build a complex ice world, which I am calling Coldstone. Below is my novice attempt to provide a visual.
Please don't laugh.

To ensure that the planet stays tectonically active, let's give it 7 or 8 small moons, gravitationally pulling on the planet in complex ways.

A significant portion of the planet is subsurface ocean, home to aquatic creatures living without sunlight. These include gigantic eel-like monsters that occasionally punch through thin regions of ice to prey upon the few creatures that live on the ice above, in a variation on the much-overused "sandworm" trope.

I'm going to make the plants blue. This discussion suggests that it could happen if plants photosynthesized with phycocyanin instead of chlorophyll. I don't know if there's a good reason for plants to be blue, but life doesn't always have to take the most efficient route, and I like the idea of blue plants on my ice planet. I think they also incorporate metals into their interior structure - maybe copper or aluminum - to conduct heat out of the ground and warm themselves. They store water in large spherical fruits...that have thick fur to warm themselves. Furry fruits! Colonists are divided on whether they're tasty or gross.

Most human habitation is in the tropics, but there are settlements in some of the rifts, connected by trains that travel on railroads in tunnels through the ice. Each rift has a unique ecosystem, existing in near-total isolation from the others. Some of the rifts are just lakes though. And on the ice itself, there are isolated encampments of survivalists, hermits, criminals, or hunters.

I did mention some creatures do try to live on the ice itself. I recently played through Capcom's Lost Planet: Extreme Condition, a game whose central premise is survival on an ice planet. Gameplay is rotated between fighting human enemies on foot, fighting human enemies in small mecha, and fighting alien creatures collectively referred to as Akrid. These creatures contain in their bodies a liquid referred to in-game as "thermal energy" or "T-ENG". It glows orange and serves as a universal energy source for colonists; your supply is continuously counting down and you'll probably freeze to death if you run out (evidenced by Akrid that freeze solid when killed and can be shattered).

I can only begin to guess how T-ENG works. If I had to hazard a guess, I'd say the Akrid synthesize something like liquid charcoal in their bodies, which burns very, very slowly, keeping their internal body temperatures normal. The appeal of a fossil fuel synthesized by living organisms is obvious. A valuable resource is a good way to motivate stories set on an alien planet.

So: good idea, or just cliche and/or hopelessly derivative? Should I do more of this kind of post? Leave a comment if you have any ideas of starting points for new planets.

Saturday, October 11, 2014

Star Wars Rebels first impressions, and forecasts for Episode VII

So the pilot episode of Star Wars Rebels broke last week, and the follow-up episode is available for free on iTunes (for how long though, I cannot say).

File:Star Wars Rebels logo.png
Image source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star_Wars_Rebels_logo.png)

First impressions:

TIE FIGHTERS WITH THEIR SCREAMING ION ENGINES! STAR DESTROYERS THAT TRACTOR YOUR WHOLE SHIP INTO THEIR DOCKING BAY!

THIS is Star Wars: ragtag heroes up against an evil empire. TIE Fighters have not been seen in non-Expanded-Universe material since 1983 and they. have. been. missed. It's a little early to provide much commentary, but suffice to say I'm optimistic that this will be even better than The Clone Wars.

Now for the new worlds we're seeing.

Lothal

Image source: Star Wars Database (http://www.starwars.com/databank/lothal)


Not much to write home about. All we see is grass occasionally interrupted by boulders. I'm actually ok with that concept; it's entirely possible that habitable worlds may only have very simple ecologies, especially if they are relatively young.

Kessel

Image source: Star Wars Database (http://www.starwars.com/databank/kessel)

First mentioned in passing by both C-3PO and Han Solo in the original 1977 movie, the spice mines of Kessel are a combination Imperial penal colony and mining operation / death sentence. It bears mentioning, though, that the writers seem to be intentionally working to get under the skin of diehard Expanded Universe fans.
The original Kessel, as detailed in Kevin J. Anderson's Jedi Academy trilogy and the formative-in-my-childhood-video-game Star Wars: Rogue Squadron, among others, was a non-spherical asteroid, with only a thin artificial atmosphere maintained by atmospheric generators, necessitating oxygen masks for anyone on the surface.

In the pilot episode, we get a split-second establishing shot of Kessel, but that's all it took for the writers to say, "It's spherical. We're in charge now." I don't exactly disagree with this decision, as the old Kessel was pretty ridiculous in hindsight, but it would've been nice to keep the oxygen masks, as it would reinforce the hostility of the planet's environment and the fact that any prisoners condemned there are essentially on their way to a death sentence. Star Wars could really use some more "hostile" planets. Even Mustafar can't be that hostile if you can walk around and breathe the air.

Now, looking a little bit forward. Fourteen months to be more precise:

Episode VII.

I've noticed that Star Wars is exhibiting a marked trend away from the generic single-environment planets I've complained about before. Recall that most of the standard environments are covered in the original trilogy: desert, jungle, ice, swamp, forest. The prequels begin to get more creative, with a termite-mound planet in Episode II, a sinkhole planet in Episode III (plus all the weird worlds in the Order 66 montage), and all the wacky worlds of The Clone Wars that I discussed at length in my earlier post.

The planets in Star Wars are getting more creative over time. Rebels may be a bit slack so far, but it still shows promise. Thus, I'm interested in what J.J. Abrams has in mind for the upcoming sequel. Recall that Abrams's previous "Star" film, Star Trek Into Darkness, opened on a planet with red trees, an ocean, and a supervolcano, all in about 5 minutes.
Image source: TrekMovie.com
I'd bet Mr. Abrams will bring similar creativity to Star Wars. And that's pretty exciting.